Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy

Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy To make reference to this issue, is necessary know the relevance of different actors in the global field, because the conception of the state as the only actor, now is not valid for the apparition of new actors, which play a important roles. For that reason, it is necessary take in account those actors in the process of decision-making on a country. The focus of the article is in transnational actors, which can be divided into 2 classes. The first ones are the Non-Governmental Organizations, which place great importance to growth and can influence in so many aspects, because they can reach interconnect persons, governments, and International organization. ONG is any non-profit group of citizen volunteers, which is organized locally, nationally or internationally. With task-oriented and run by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens issues to governments, monitor policies and encourage community participation. They p rovide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help in monitoring and implementing international agreements. NGOs are characterized by be pressure and influence groups in the international society and they are active in various fields because of the interests of protecting the environment, development, peacekeeping and human rights. While many countries receive with gratitude these services, the services provided by other NGOs are often seen as barriers or attacks on the sovereignty of certain countries. In fact, given that NGOs have no link with the policy of one country in particular, their independence sometimes allows them to go against the policies implemented by some countries. One of the main NGO problems is the lack of international regulation, because they must have recognize of the good management, the reached goals, and they need to be regulated too, because frequently governments and people are not satisfied with their acts. The second topic are the Transnational Corporations in contradistinction to Non-governmental Organizations, TNC are corporations created for profit. They are gigantic factories that want to reach all countries, places in the world with the purpose of spread the power. The power is reflected in the influence that they have in the governments of all countries, industrialized and developing. They bring foreign direct investment that has benefits to countries. But are focus directly in the realization of economic activities in several countries, as well as joint development and implementation of a unified strategy, and to achieve it, have the ability to create a sphere of protection and promotion of individual human rights. Also Transnational Corporations activities have been criticized because of the affected in environmental stress and social changes and their great impact on the politics decisions to government protects their interests. All those aspects are reinforced in the article The Power of Transnatio nal Corporations: The economic and political powers bring the deepening of the disparity of wealth, impoverishment working conditions, corruption and pollution, deterioration of health and safety in production processes, loss of employment for many workers in the world and the human rights violation   [1]  . When the role of transnational actors is studied, it is every time more evident the influence in International Relations, because of the interdependence between all units in the system. The Non- Governmental Organizations have imposed new standards and codes of conduct as ethics, seals and certification. It is noted the need by an affirmation of international law as they tend to weaken national labor codes, as well as trade unions. But the main reason for existence of an NGO is to promote education for development, development aid, that is, financial cooperation, the supply of equipment and technical assistance or support personnel, concerning about removing obstacles to soc io-political, economic and physical, that prevent the development of human potential, particularly the most disadvantaged sectors of Third World countries. The ONG need meet some characteristics like internal structure, to have their origin in an agreement between states, to be a democratic organization, their fines are not a profit-driven, they must pursuing international interests and must be constituted in accordance with the laws of the home state. The weight can be seen in important NGOs like Greenpeace, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨International Amnesi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Human Rights Watch, CARE, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res, Cruz Roja Internacional, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨WWF. Greenpeace for example is a is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behaviors, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace  [2]  . These types of Organization exercise their influence through oppression to reach the goals in front to environment. In United States Greenpeace has recently led a campaign to end the marketing of overfished seafood populations in American supermarkets. As a result, Stop Shop and Giant Food are not selling Shark, Orange Roughy, and Chilean Sea Bass until the populations rebound  [3]  . Also had big challenges in case of Fisher Price in which the purpose was lead several types of phthalates from toys and child-care products. So With campaigns that help to spread information around the world, organization can play an important role in politics of governments that have influence in all countries because of the interdependence effects for commerce and shared politics. The organization gained attention by creating mind bombs, or strong, visual messages distilling their position on complex environmental issues  [4]  . Another example of influence is with the Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res is concerned about Armed conflict. Social violence, healthcare exclusion and Natural disaster which have h ad goals like politics adopted in countries to fight against maternal health On April 27, 2010, the Sierra Leone government started implementing a policy of free healthcare for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under five. MSF welcomes the governments commitment to the new policy and hopes that this will improve the access to healthcare for these vulnerable groups  [5]  . With those distinctions it can see the importance of NGOs because some who work around the protection, promotion and preservation of the environment with sustainable development through international cooperation and some that work in areas of immigration and refugees, disabled, sick, infants, and family, all of those institutions are focusing in a objective, the only one objective is work for the welfare of the community, so, NGOs have emerged as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Society organized civil search and complementary alternative solutions for the full development of these shortcomings. But some facts have made loss the credibility of the management of ONG because so many NGOs in some countries are making some corrupt practices, the funds acquired by international channels are often misused, and do not meet the targets set, decreasing the impact of these vulnerable society. UN Anti-corruption meeting develops worrisome trend: Algerian NGO blocked and a Gabonese activist faces difficulties: The Algerian government is blocking attendance of an Algerian NGO from an upcoming UN anti-corruption summit. This is a deeply worrying development, according to the UNCAC Coalition, a group of over 200 organizations seeking implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)  [6]  . It is necessary remains have the integrity, authority and influence of NGO but that is only achieved through transparency and good deeds. Another central issue is the importance of Transnational Corporations which has a very broad field of action, The area of in fluence of transnational corporations is not limited solely to the economic sector, but are linked to each other political and social processes. These companies are directly related to border trade, foreign investment, technology exchange, but there is a fundamental feature to be recognized as a transnational corporation, is necessary for the company concerned has branches or Subsidiaries Outside of home country. According to a study conducted by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, it was established that: A transnational firm is defined as a company or group companies constituted by a parent company in accordance with law of a country which, from its headquarters abroad implants with its subsidiaries and direct investment (mergers, privatizations and acquisitions). With a global strategy designed to designed to remove any obstacle to the expansion and the free movement of powerful consortia and transnational monopolies  [7]  . These TNC have the capacity to exercise the effect to induce the increasing interdependence increasingly impossible for the countrys economic incoherence, its import and export processes because of its influence in places where they are established, since they are very large companies with high profits, bringing foreign direct investment the country, which brings benefits such as increased employment and capital also covers the financing requirements, stable cash flows that do not harm the economy by his stay in the country. Means more growth, more and more foreign exchange per capita income in the host country, and so does increase the chances of decrease in the poverty rate. On the other hand, opponents to the TNC have clear reason to discredit their activities, using the argument of the disadvantage in maintaining the emerging market to compete to such large corporations as they have no capacity, no facilities and enjoy the competitiveness that they have acquired Over the years and have no influence on these countries trade policies. With so much power, these corporations can exclude and exercise their potential economies in developing countries more than developed countries with which negotiations conducted in similar terms. In this context, TNCs are at the heart of the concerns of the world labor and environment. The reasons are mainly the following: At the height of inequity on the planet are the CTN. The growth of economic operations of TNC in the decade that contrasted with the growth of poverty. In 2001, CTN, with 54 million workers at its subsidiaries abroad, sales were $ 19 billion, greater than that of Global exports of which, in turn, was for them to a third party  [8]  . The biggest problem with government is its inability to monopolize and regulate all activities that a TNC can develop, as it can be said that they do not have an established global regulation issued by international standards or national norms constituted. The countries can be affected by the triangulation, regulatory arbitrage, the ease of transferring production from one country to another, because when companies take advantage of its spreading on the international market can perform operations that benefit them but harm to small businesses national. It can be conclude the transnational actors have an essential and central character in the system b ecause the globalization the market opens the communication and increasing interdependence, the unification of markets, societies and culture governments need make a transition in resources, influencing the government politics because of relations among other countries taking in account the shared problems, risks and rewards according to social, political and economic issues. All these aspects lead the government to design policies for better development and management of newly emerging phenomena in the field. Y so to counteract facts put at a disadvantage both the government in taxing domestic policy as in the care of the industry as a vulnerable sector. In social terms the design of policies is even more important, the need for government to fight the interests of society, minimizing poverty and improving quality of life of the inhabitants, which is threatened by some unregulated corporations that bring the benefits and reduce unemployment for nationals. On the other hand, there i s great influence of NGOs face the struggle for rights human, which arise, as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Civil society organizations are looking for alternative solutions and complementary to the full development of these shortcomings. No doubt that the function carried out with various projects to benefit promotes community development-oriented management. Pressures exerted by these organizations are governments reacting address problems identified, found and criticized by them. SOURCES Henderson, Conway W. International Relations, Conflict and Cooperation at the Turn Of the 21st Century. Willets, P, Transnational Actors and International Organizations in global politics. Tamayo Franco, Rafael, Relaciones internacionales en contexto Complilador (Pages 51-60) Reina, Mauricio,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Secretario Tà ©cnico de la Misià ³n de Polà ­tica Exterior e Investigador Asociado de Fedesarrollo, Portafolio, Newspaper. April 17 2010. Greenpeace, (www.greenpeace.org), April 2010. UNCTAD, (www.unctad.org) April 2010. Oficina de Asistencia Tà ©cnica Legislativa ,PROGRAMA DE FORTALECIMIENTO LEGISLATIVO, CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA United Nations, UNCTAD, Transnational Corporations, Volume 17, Number 3, December 2008. Zubizarreta, Juan Hernandez, Modificaciones normativas, Empresas transnacionales, desarrollo y soberania. Medecins sans frontiere, (http://www.msf.org/) April 2010.

A Critical Evaluation of The Value of Play Essay

Introduction Play has a vital role in a child’s learning and development. Each adult has their own interpretation of what play is, but play can be interpreted as, ‘children being given the opportunity to use resources and facilities provided in order to develop their skills and expand their knowledge. This can be done spontaneously through imaginative play, and using communication to enhance their independent learning. Play can also be seen as a way a child learns and develops emotionally, physically and socially. DEFINITIONS OF PLAY What is play? Play can be interpreted as, children being given the opportunity to use their imaginative skills, to learn as well as develop their physical, social, emotional and cognitive skills. Play can be child initiated, or adult led, where they provided with resources and support in both situations. Play is an attitude that manifests itself in different behaviours. Gavey (1991) stated â€Å"play was a forward and backwaref 7cd movement where different levels of action, communication, and interaction are needed. It could be regarded as deeply serious and purposeful or trivial and purposeless, (Attfiled 2005). Similarly, (Molyes J) stated â€Å"play is without a doubt the most natural way children learn all over the world†. Babies and young children learn through interaction with an adult, who could be parents, siblings, other family members as well as practitioners who have responsibility of looking after the well-being of a child. However, Froebel stated, play is what children are involved with when they initiate a task and work is what they do when fulfil a task required by an adult. Bruce 2005. The role of an adult is entering a child play that is child initiated, and intervening to extend the play without interfering. Bruce Children need to play with objects and materials and resources in order for play to integrate cognitive processes and stimulate the imagination. The value of play Play is seen as the â€Å"only† way that young children learn and develop their social, physical, cognitive and emotional skills. Bruce(2005) Value of play A practitioner who understands the importance of play, offers children  freedom, where they are able to choose their own activities. * Gives a child freedom * Responsibilities * Child initiated * Adult led * Risks * Consequences Child initiated play Child initiated play can be interpreted as any activity that is started by a child to meet their personal needs and interests, Moyles J (2008). This can alos be seen as active learning, where the childis engaging in the activity they are doing. Bruner argued and put forward children require choice and should be able to make their own decisions in order to learn and develop their skills. For example in a reception class where children are of the age 4-5 years, being given the freedom of being able to choose any activity available to them and to carry out their chosen task or activity in their choice of environment can be seen as child initaitiated play. The adult has no role in the choice of play as the child has the control of what they are setting out to do. However the adult provides the child with resouces. Through child initaied play children learn to become creative through critical thinking. When having achoen an activity to arry out they start to make cnectuoins which transfroms their understanding. Howevr if a child does not understand or have the skill to carry out an activity and feels they want to, they tend to approach an adult who then supports the child by interevening. (BRUCE) the adult can then support the child by scaffolding (BRUNER) for example Similary Vygotakys stated in his theory a childs needs to be independent in order to learn, however a child still requires the adult to present to aide them when needed. For example. By allowing a child the choice of free play they are able to explore DEFINITION By investigating childen learn and are able to ask the adult questions where the adult will support them by asking open eneded question and providing them with encouragement.

Jules Ferry Case Study - 717 Words

Case Study: Jules Ferry Melissa Elliott Chamberlain College of Nursing HIST 410 Professor Franklin March 06, 2016 Case Study: Jules Ferry 1. According to Ferry, what recent developments in world trade have made it urgent for France to have colonies? As an imperialist, Jules Ferry felt that France should be exploring and taking over new nations. He claimed colonial expansion was a great need that had become extremely urgent by the people and industrialized population of Europe (Kleinman, 1897). He stated that other countries, United States and Germany, were exporting so much more than France was. Jules Ferry compiled a report of statistics with his perspective of that great need for colonial expansion (Kleinman, 1897). This report†¦show more content†¦If not acted on or taken precautions against, North American goods will overcome the South American market that belonged to France first. All of this is connected to colonial policy. 2. What arguments against imperialism have been raised by Ferry’s critics? How does he counter them? Jules Ferry believed it was the job of â€Å"superior races† to civilize the lesser races (Kleinman, 1897). He claims when the Spanish and Explorers introduced slavery to Central America it was a misunderstanding and their job as a superior race was not accomplished (Kleinman, 1897). That statement made it seem like he was trying to justify slavery but he circumvented this by repeating that it was the rights of the superior races to control the inferior ones. â€Å"But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty (Kleinman, 1897, para. 4)†. 3. What non-economic arguments does Ferry offer in favor of imperialism? The non-economic arguments presented by Ferry in favor of imperialism was; the need for shelters, places of supply for markets to sell France’s goods and ports for defense and provisioning for boats to have a safe harbor. The ports for boats were needed because ships were limited on the supplies they could carry, like coal, which is paramount to keep moving. â€Å"A warship, however perfect its design, cannot carry more than two weeks supply of coal and a vessel withoutShow MoreRelated Plan of Champ de Mars, Paris 18892213 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Exposition Universelle of 1889, used by visitors at the time of the fair, a bold political statement on the part of France, as well as an overwhelming success. The Third Republic was established in Paris in 1870, and by 1884, when preliminary studies for the the Exposition Universelle were launched, many political issues were still largely unresolved. In 1870 Napoleon III surrendered at the Battle of Sedan during the Franco-Prussi an War. 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My Personal Statement For Teaching Reading - 772 Words

As I arrange this reflective analysis paper on topics that relate to a foundational course and specifically searching for the modules that have given me the most information, taught me something new or expanded my knowledge on a specific topic of reading, I have come to realize how far I have come since I began this adventure. I began these courses after graduating from Marshall with my bachelors. I chose this path because of my love for reading and teaching reading. I have come to realize that these courses have enabled me to become a more effective reading teacher and I now have been given the skills, strategies and techniques that I needed to teach a child to read. I know that I will always need to keep up with classes and new techniques, but feel that I am much more capable of teaching reading than before I started these courses. The course 653 Literacy Acquisition helped me to improve and further develop my educational philosophies and beliefs. 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